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This chapter shows how to create the SD card. As mentioned in page "Board bring-up overview for TEI0022" this part is for SD card setup which should be done in the following steps:

  • Generate SD card partitions and filesystems
    • SD card structure
    • Partition generation
    • Filesystems generation
    • SD card modification
  • Copy files to partitions

The section "Generate SD card partitions and filesystems" describes the process to create the needed partitions and filesystems on the SD card via the Linux tool fdisk. Section "Copy files to partitions" shows the moving from files on the partitions.

Generate SD card partitions and filesystems

The Intel Cyclone V needs a specific SD card structure which should be realized within the following steps in a linux system. Therefore, the structure shall be introduced in the next subsection. Then, in the second subsection the partitions shall be generated. After that, the filesystems shall be created. Then, in the last subsection, the modification shall be written on the SD card.

SD card structure

The SD card needs three partitions, one vfat, one linux and one 0xA2 partition. The following table shows the target SD card partition which shall be generated in the next section.

#PartitionPurposeSize
1W95 FAT32 (LBA)(U-Boot,)* Linux Kernel, Device Tree Blob> 20 MB
2

.At the moment [09.01.2020] it is not fully understood which files are necessary
to boot a Linux or an bare metal application onto the HPS of a Cyclone 5 / 10 or Aria chip
Every detail which not fully clear will be emphasized as questionable.

Requirements

...

Background

...

Partitions within the SD card

...

Linux ext(2/3 or 4)

...

Linux Root Filesystem> 150 MB to 2 GB

...

The first partition need to be the vFat partition, best practice: vFat, Linux and a2 partition

Unknown - partition for u-boot config script (uboot.scr)
vfat-partition:          optional - Linux-Config-Script / main u-boot instead a2-partition

Format the SD card

...

Inserd the Sd card into the system, start a console [Ctrl + Alt + t] and type:
     lsblk → list the disks conected to the system / Get SD-card-path

Example output:
NAME  MAJ:MIN  RM      SIZE  RO   TYPE    MOUNTPOINT
sda            8:0         0     120G     0    disk
├─sda1     8:1         0     112G     0    part /
├─sda2     8:2         0         1K     0    part
└─sda5     8:5         0         8G    0     part   [SWAP]
sdc            8:32       1       7,2G    0    disk
└─sdc1     8:33       1         1M    0    part
sr0           11:0         1   1024M    0   rom

RM = Removable ? → sdc is the sd card

Format the card - Manual approach:

To format the card, start the tool fdisk by typing:
     sudo fdisk /dev/sdc    ->    sudo=grant root, enter password    fdisk=tool   /dev/...=SD card
The command promt changes to Command (m for help)

...

30xA2 Preloader(, U-Boot)*>= 2 MB

* In this guide, the U-Boot shall be located in vFAT partition 1.

Partition generation 

To generate the several partitions, the next steps are necessary:

  • Insert the SD card into your linux system.
  • Start a terminal.
  • Identify the SD card via shell command lsblk

  • An exemplary output is visible in the next listing. The last line is an additional information, not part of the output.

    Code Block
    languagebash
    titleExemplary lsblk output
    linenumberstrue
    collapsetrue
    NAME  MAJ:MIN  RM      SIZE  RO   TYPE    MOUNTPOINT
sda     8:0    0       120G  0    disk
├─sda1  8:1    0       112G  0    part    /
├─sda2  8:2    0         1K  0    part
└─sda5  8:5    0         8G  0    part    [SWAP]
sdc     8:32   1       7,2G  0    disk
└─sdc1  8:33   1         1M  0    part
sr0    11:0    1      1024M  0    rom

RM = Removable → sdc is the SD card with one partition sdc1


  • Attention: If the wrong identifier is selected, the following commands can destroy the host system! Therefore, be aware to use the correct identifier.
  • The identifier is similar to sdXXX, where XXX symbols the identified SD card. To detect the SD card, it could help to look for the expected SD card size. After that, remove the SD card, use lsblk and look whether the expected device is removed. Then, insert the SD card again and check with lsblk which identifiert is selected for the SD card.
  • Unmount all partitions of the SD card via sudo umount /dev/<above identified partitions>
  • Start the tool fdisk as root via sudo fdisk /dev/sdXXX
  • Look at the partition structure via inserting p → Enter
  • Attention: Deleting the partitions in the next step destroys the saved information. If the information are needed save them before continuing!
  • Then delete all partitions via d → Enter
  • After all partitions are deleted the SD card structure can be created.

Creating partition #1:

  • Create a new partition via inserting n → Enter
  • Select the primar partition via inserting p → Enter
  • Set the partittion number via inserting 1 → Enter
  • Select the first sector via inserting 2048 → Enter
  • Select the last sector via inserting +20M → Enter
  • Set partition type via t → Enter
  • Select the first partition via 1 → Enter, if it is not automatically selected.
  • Select the partition type "W95 FAT32 (LBA)" via c → Enter

Creating partition #2:

  • Create a new partition via inserting n → Enter
  • Select the primar partition via inserting p → Enter
  • Set the partittion number via inserting 2 → Enter
  • Select the first sector via inserting Enter
  • Select the last sector (adapted to your SD card size) via inserting +2G → Enter
  • Set partition type via t → Enter
  • Select the first partition via 2 → Enter
  • Select the partition type "Linux, default value" via 83 → Enter

Creating partition #3:

  • Create a new partition via inserting n → Enter
  • Select the primar partition via inserting p → Enter
  • Set the partittion number via inserting 3 → Enter
  • Select the first sector via inserting Enter
  • Select the last sector via inserting +20M → Enter
  • Set partition type via t → Enter
  • Select the first partition via 3 → Enter
  • Select the partition type "Altera boot partition" via a2 → Enter

Writing SD card modifications:

The previos settings are not written to the SD card at this point. To write the changes to the card the next steps are necessary. Therefore, if the wrong identifier is selected, the following commands can destroy the host system! Be aware to use the correct identifier! Furthermore, deleting the existing partitions on the card destroys the saved information! If the information are needed save them before continuing!

  • Write new settings to the SD card via w → Enter
  • Close the program via q → Enter

Filesystem generation

The filesystems are created with the linux tool mkfs.

  • Plug the SD card out and in of the system.
  • Create a vFAT filesystem on partition 1 via sudo mkfs -t vfat /dev/sdXXX1, whereby XXX symbols the above detected SD card identifier.
  • Create an ext3 filesystem on partition 2 via sudo mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdXXX2, whereby XXX symbols the above detected SD card identifier.
  • No extra filesystem for partition 3 is needed.

Copy files to partitions

After preparing the SD card for booting, this section describes the copy process for the relevant files with a Linux and a Windows operating system (OS):

  • Insert the SD card to a Linux or Windows OS.

vFAT Partition 1:

  • Copy the linux kernel zImage.bin file to the vFAT partition 1 as zImage file. That means, the ".bin" extension has to be deleted.
  • Copy the device tree blob socfpga.dtb file to the vFAT partition 1 as socfpga.dtb file. The file needs this name.
  • Copy the bootloader u-boot.img file to the vFAT partition 1 as u-boot.img file. The file needs this name.

ext3 Partition 2:

  • Copy the linux root filesystem to the ext3 partition 2 and decompress it if it is compressed.
    • For Linux this can be done using the following steps:
      • Mount the ext3-partition (in this case 2) to an available folder (e.g. /mnt/mountpoint), if necessary, via sudo mount /dev/<correct partition of the SD card> /mnt/mountpoint
      • Extract the <root filesystem>.tar.gz via sudo tar -xvf <path to compressed root filesystem>.tar.gz -C /mnt/mountpoint/ 
      • Synchronise the buffers via sudo sync

0xA2 Partition 3:

  • Insert the SD card to a Windows OS.
  • Start the SoC EDS terminal as administrator. To do that navigate to ...\intelFPGA\18.1\embedded\ , right click on the file "Embedded_Command_Shell.bat", and select "Run as administrator". Click Yes in the window "User Account Control".
  • Identify one of the SD card letter(s).
  • Copy the preloader to the 0xA2 partition 3 via alt-boot-disk-util -p <path to the preloader image>preloader-mkpimage.bin -a write -d <SD card letter>

After doing these steps, the SD card can be inserted into the board and the boot process can be started. If booting runs into linux, the procedure is done.

Disk /dev/sdc: 7740 MB, 7740588032 bytes
239 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1020 cylinders, total 15118336 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x982b3f12

Device         Boot       Start          End             Blocks         Id            System
/dev/sdc1                  2048          616448       307200+     c             (W95 FAT32 (LBA))
/dev/sdc2                  616449      3074049     1228800+   83           Linux
/dev/sdc3                  3074050    3094530     10240+       a2           Unknown

...

Step 2: Create a partition → Type n.
            One can type in all required values by hand, but the tool offers usefull values by default.
            To accept them, yout press enter.

            Partition type → Select p   ;    Partition number → Enter   ;   First sector → Enter
            Last sector → +size{K,M,G} / example: 20 MB partition →  +20M

Step 3: Set partition type → Type t
            c=(W95 FAT32 (LBA))    a2=Altera boot partition   83=Linux, default value

Step 4: Repeat step 2 and 3 until all partitions are edited

Step 5: Write the new table to th SD card → Type w

Step 6: Close programm → Type q

Format the card - Automated approach:

Copy to a textfile and save

unit: sectors

/dev/sdb1 : start= 2048, size= 204800, Id= c /dev/sdb2 : start= 206848, size= 4096000, Id=83 /dev/sdb3 : start= 4302848, size= 4096, Id=a2 /dev/sdb4 : start= 0, size= 0, Id= 0

unmount

run fsdisk

Data of each partition

sudo mkfs -t vfat /dev/sdX-nummer

sudo mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdX-nummer

vFat zimage and dtb

a2, nur sd card angeben, keine partition, wird selbsttätig gesucht
sudo ~/intelFPGA/19.1/embedded/host_tools/altera/diskutils/alt-boot-disk-util -p preloader-mkpimage.bin -b u-boot.img -a write /dev/sdb

Mounting point erstellen.
mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/card
card ist der mounting point, wenn der Ordner nicht besteht,
gibts ne Fehlermeldung -> Lösung, Ordner erstellen
Danach kann man z.b. zu dem mounting point entpacken,
aber, syncen nicht vergessen

Check file system:
sudo fsck /dev/sdxy
Besser:
sudo mkfs.ext(2/3 oder 4) 7dev/sdxy

sudo tar -xvf ~/Desktop/arrow-sockit/arrow-sockit-console-image-minimal-arrow-sockit-20191121221211.rootfs.tar.gz -C /mnt/card/